Very exciting news!

Randy Souther, who maintains Celestrial Timepiece, the fantastic online resource devoted to Joyce Carol Oates' work, has started a new scholarly journal that focuses on "the writing of Joyce Carol Oates and related subjects, with the goal of advancing knowledge of and deepening the conversation about Oates's massive literary project."

I've written extensively about Oates' work before and my admiration of her creative genius so it's a great privilege to be a contributing editor on this new journal and write reviews for all of Oates' new work that is published in the future. It's especially exciting to be working alongside such distinguished academics and fans of Oates' writing.

To start with, I've written a review of Oates' novel "Marya: A Life" which was first published in 1986 and has recently been reissued by HarperCollins. This is a book which Oates described as "the most 'personal' of my novels" and whose protagonist somewhat represents a quintessential character in her writing. It's a lively, episodic, coming-of-age novel that I whole-heartedly recommend.

Read my review in Volume 1 here: http://repository.usfca.edu/jcostudies/vol1/iss1/

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson

Back in 2010, I went on my first trip to China for a couple of weeks to stay with friends in Beijing and explore the countryside. I was fascinated by the huge amount of people, the crowded streets, the strangers who latched onto me and took photographs (being tall & bearded I really stood out), amazing monuments, smog-yellow sky, the evident disparity between the poor & wealthy and the sense of a civilization that was both ancient and newly made. All over Beijing construction was taking place. Jet-lagged at 3AM I sat looking out of the window of our high apartment at the construction workers out in the distance building more enormous towers and the sparks of their machinery shining in the night. It felt impossible to fully comprehend this enormous, diverse, beautiful, problematic, ever-changing country even if I were to spend the rest of my life there. One of the amazing things about Susan Barker’s novel “The Incarnations” is that she manages to compress selected events throughout China’s long history and run a string through them so you follow a sense of the country’s progression via uniquely personal perspectives. Of course, this isn’t a comprehensive account of China’s history. It’s more, as Barker writes: “The chained beast of history is breaking loose.” What this novel does is give the reader a sense of this country’s transformations and the way time has gradually shaped the complex national body that exists today.

Wang is a humble cab driver in Beijing trying to support his wife Yida and their adolescent daughter Echo. Yida works as a massage therapist (something which instantly connected me to her character since I do this as well). Wang unexpectedly receives strange letters from an anonymous writer who informs him they’ve known each other in several past lives. He’s given accounts of their different incarnations and the various dramatic experiences they’ve had together. Interspersed with these letters is the account of Wang’s own troubled past and strained circumstances. His eccentric mother was committed to a mental hospital when he was young. His tyrannical successful-in-business father is ashamed of him. His fantastically monstrous stepmother Lin Hong weaves a spider’s web around them all so that she finally rules the family. Wang has a troubled affair with a hairdresser named Zeng who was once his lover. Desperate to discover who is sending these letters to him, Wang’s life collapses into disorder as his past threatens to overwhelm him.

It feels like it should be too disruptive being jarred out of the story in the present to be drawn into entirely different stories about the past. But somehow they work as self contained tales that also illuminate aspects about the central characters involved. I think this is because they are narrated in the second person so the narrator is always speaking to “you.” This “you” is both a specific person from the past such as eunuch in an imperial palace in 632 AD, a crafty scarred slave named Tiger in 1213, a virginal concubine in 1542, a British cultural explorer in 1836 or a loyal Maoist of the School of Revolutionary Girls in 1966. But the “you” is also always Wang so it feels like the essence of this character is always with us as is the mysterious narrator who we don’t meet fully until the end of the book. It’s a clever narrative trick that Barker plays. As well as providing snapshots of great ages in China’s immense past it allows the author to play with notions of gender, sexuality and race. A single character can flip between being a young girl in one story to a middle-aged man in another story. As the genders of the narrator and Wang switch throughout the ages so do they engage in sexual relations with each other that are gay, lesbian and heterosexual. As I discussed in my thoughts on Ali Smith’s tremendous novel “Artful” (and other writings by Smith), when the second person is used in this way it creates a sort of utopian plain where conventional notions about identity can be deconstructed through the power of language. As far as I’m aware, other than Smith and Barker, only Virginia Woolf has done this as successfully in her radical novel “Orlando.” (Jeanette Winterson made a somewhat less successful attempt at this in her novel “Written on the Body”) But Barker doesn’t self-consciously transform our understanding of gender. Questions about the meaning of man/woman linger in the back of the reader’s mind as they are drawn into fantastically engaging individual stories presented throughout the novel.

Some of the most memorable and idiosyncratic characters in the novel appear in these stories which take place in the past. For instance, there is a fiercely feisty survivor sorceress, a bawdy whorehouse matron named Madam Plum Blossom, a sadistic Emperor named Jiajing, a rapist pirate ship captain and a merciless Red army interrogator named Long March. These stories are full of scandal, war, blood and sex which make them come vibrantly alive and allow the author to indulge in the richness of adventure which is a counterpoint to the more realistic recognizable environment found in Wang’s tribulations of the present time. In the story from the 1800s it’s stated “The Scourge was a black-hearted ship, and evil the stuff of everyday.” This is an example of how Barker conjures a mood and time period through her diverse use of language and narrative style not appropriate for the present day storyline. In this way the author shows a fantastic elasticity in her story telling ability to ground you in whatever period in history she takes you to next.

By giving us the stories of two characters that are reincarnated continuously throughout history, Barker creates an epically romantic tale. It’s as if the pair is destined to always be entangled with each other’s lives throughout history, but never peacefully come together because of the circumstances of whatever time they are born into. The anonymous narrator makes an observation about the nature of their relationship in a letter to Wang: “Fate sets us against each other… Fate condemns us to bring about the other’s downfall. To blaze like fiery meteors as we crash into each other’s stratosphere, then incinerate to heat and dust.” Rather than create a confusing jumble of personalities, the accumulation of all these individual lives the pair have lived build to a universal message about love and its deranged manifestations. “The Incarnations” is a daring, provocative and relentlessly entertaining novel.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesSusan Barker
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“If words and prayers had no effect, then it was time to use the body.”

On the fictional island of Sans Amen in the Caribbean there is a small commune of men organized by a charismatic leader who are fed up with the current government. They believe the democratically elected prime minister is corrupt and they are ready to take action. Armed with smuggled weaponry, they split into groups to raid the imposing House which is the seat of government and also the local television station. A bookish, thoughtful man named Ashes is among them for complicated personal reasons. With head-spinning intensity, we follow him as the approximately one hundred men (many of whom are boys under eighteen) sneak up to the House with guns and storm inside shooting guards and civilians as they go. The prime minister and heads of state are seized. “House of Ashes” depicts a coup d'état. It's terrifying. With it's complicated and harrowing history of colonialism, this is something which has occurred frequently to governments in the Caribbean. On the island of Haiti alone the government has been overthrown in this way twenty-five times since 1806. This history of frequent violent upheaval is summarized by a character at one point in the novel: “‘Is like we Caribbean people mess up real good every time we try this thing called revolution… Is like it too simple. Or like it too good to be true. Every time the liberators become oppressors.’” When people are oppressed, feel powerless and think that there can be no more debate things get violent.

I first read Monique Roffey's novel “The White Woman on the Green Bicycle” years ago and was struck by the delicate way she interlaces the personal with the political in her storytelling. In this new novel she expertly does the same, but focuses on one big violent political event and the consequences of such calamitous action. Many of the boys involved come from impoverished backgrounds and are easily swayed by the didactic teachings of the commune's Leader. They are banded together through desperation more than natural kinship which has created a tight and particular kind of camaraderie: “They weren’t friends; they weren’t associates or colleagues either; they were brothers.” The novel focuses particularly on one boy nicknamed Breeze who has street smarts but doesn't understand what a prime minister is. The story switches perspectives between Ashes who storms the government without even knowing how to load a gun and Aspartame Garland, a female minister for environmental affairs. Over a period of six days the insurgents inhabit the House surrounded by the stalwart army outside.

Roffey balances her story showing with equal validity the perspectives of a variety of people involved from the strong-willed prime minister to a passionate and experienced military revolutionary named Greg Mason who believes “Money is power; corporations are the new colonisers.” Having left his wife and children behind to join in the insurgency, Ashes has deep dilemmas about the meaning of this action. Through this extreme event people's true nature's emerge with all their complicated pasts and core beliefs: “In this madhouse everyone was showing himself or herself.” One character who shows tremendous spirit and arrives in the narrative like a rocket is a cleaning lady named Mrs Gonzales. She demonstrates a memorable tenacity and acts as a voice of a common person who works hard and isn't deluded by grandiose visions of utopian ideology.

The leatherback sea turtle which returns to Sans Amen to lay its eggs takes on a symbolic value in the novel

The leatherback sea turtle which returns to Sans Amen to lay its eggs takes on a symbolic value in the novel

Although the stories of the characters involved are engagingly particular and personal, Roffey is skilful in incorporating the larger political and historical issues which have built up to this hostile takeover. “When the colonisers left, a popular people’s government were voted in and for almost thirty years they had simply replicated the mistakes and greed of the British. It was as if they had caught something, like a flu or a cold, except the thing they caught was corruption.” The oppressive rule of colonisers has created a legacy of distrust and greed. Above the great government House created under Queen Victoria's reign hangs a great dragon. Ashes hilariously remarks: “The Queen and the dragon were some kind of team.” The individuals involved in this violent uprising and the government officials who are captured are all motivated by particular systems of thought and inherited ideas which influence their actions. There is the striking observation that “Politics was about darkness, about reaction, about… ego. It had something to do with a blindness rather than seeing.” A successful politician might triumph more from what they tactically don't know than what they do. There is also the insidious suggestion that darker/sinister motives from particular people have influenced this revolution. Roffey shows the full complexity of such a dramatic societal change.

“House of Ashes” portrays in vivid detail and with heart-racing intensity the bloody consequences of what a coup d'état must feel like. There is sheer physical strain of enduring depravation and terror for multiple days. Emotions run high as the body is run down. I was totally gripped and nervous to know what the outcome would be. The novel builds to a climactic conclusion for the revolution and the plays out further towards a surprising ending that will make you want to quickly read on till the last page. This is a book that makes an impact upon you subconsciously so that it's cumulative meaning is only felt when you've put it down.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesMonique Roffey

It seems prescient that Michael Cunningham chose to title his new novel after the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale. This story is fresh in the public’s imagination after the monumentally successful and brilliantly realized recent Disney film ‘Frozen’ very loosely based on the same tale. Of course, Cunningham’s novel has little to do with the story except inflect it with metaphorical notions about magic and distorted perspectives. I absolutely loved Cunningham’s novel “The Hours” and I think the film was one of the most successful book-to-movie adaptations ever. His other books didn’t make as great an impact with me, but I will always be willing to give him another try.

“The Snow Queen” opens with a character named Barrett walking through a snowy November evening in 2004 in Central Park and sees a hazy blue cloud that he understands to be some kind of manifestation of the eye of god. Here’s a problem - one I didn’t think about until reading Thomas at My Porch’s blog post about why he quit reading this novel. It didn’t actually snow in NYC on that evening. I can understand readers’ frustration when novelists don’t get historical facts right. However, it doesn’t ruin the enjoyment I find in a novel. I figure that if the guy is seeing the eye of god in the sky we can also stretch our imaginations to believing it snowed on that day as well. I could get into a long argument here about what history really is. Don’t historians also distort the past by choosing to omit facts? Don’t even documentary film makers change our perspective on a particular time in history through their editing? And no, I don’t believe novelists have license to rewrite history simply because they labour in the territory of make-believe. Writers should try to get historical details as accurate as possible and, in some cases, I think it’s highly dangerous to wilfully distort the past because it may colour people’s understanding of history. However, whether it snowed or not on a particular day in a particular place seems to me a minor fib by Cunningham in order to better serve his story and central metaphor. But I appreciate that some readers can't get past it.

If you’re concerned that Cunningham will overplay quasi-mystical questions about the meaning of being in this novel don’t be. Barrett may be convinced he's had an encounter with some celestial presence, but he isn't a blind believer or inclined to mysticism. At one point he gets some time alone with handsome Andrew, a man who has inhabited his sexual imagination for a long time, and Andrew speaks of his reverence for shamans. Rather than indulging in fantasies of pseudo-religious experience, Barrett recognizes this as a lot of hogwash and goes off Andrew immediately. Cunningham gives Barrett's inclination towards religious feeling the parallel of Alice in Wonderland – wandering through with a curious attitude. It’s fully acknowledged that it might all be as one character describes “wishful bullshit.”

What Cunningham is more concerned with is the crisis we all feel at a certain point of whether we haven’t let ourselves down or aren’t living up to our potential as human beings. Barrett and his brother Tyler both had very promising starts as teenagers, but they’ve been drifting through life and relying on each other a little too much. Barrett is a shop assistant who can’t keep a steady relationship with a man – a problem that’s described in achingly realistic detail. Tyler is an unsuccessful musician who cares for his fiancé Beth who is suffering from cancer. The brothers lean on each other’s support and through their mutual dependence aren’t able to achieve their goals in life. Cunningham beautifully sums up the translation of religious feeling to aspirations in life here: “We worship numberless gods or idols, but we all need raiment, we need to be the grandest possible versions of ourselves, we need to walk across the face of the earth with as much grace and beauty as we can muster before we're wrapped in our winding sheets, and returned.” He compresses a lot in this sentence about personal motivation and dignity and why we idolize examples of greatness.

I appreciated the depiction of the brothers in the story and their special relationship, but felt like Cunningham drifted at times in the middle of the book lingering too long on less interesting characters. For example, after at a New Year party we’re introduced to three new characters. At the end of the evening we’re given summaries of how their lives play out and then we don’t hear from them again. It seems unnecessary in a novel that is relatively short to try to fully capture a wide array of lives when he’s gone to the trouble of creating characters that are already compelling to read about. But what Cunningham does so well is write about the gentle tug and pull that goes in with egos in social interactions. Characters try to lay out plainly how they are feeling in the moment, but are also aware of the reactions of those around them. They anticipate response and modify what they are saying based on the individual they are dealing with. This captures the natural and largely self-conscious way people engage with each other. He also acknowledges the expectations we have for others: “People are more than you think they are. And they're less, as well. The trick lies in negotiating your way between the two.” Sometimes we’re too quick to judge other people. Equally, no matter how much you revere someone, they will inevitably disappoint you at some point.

Michael Cunningham reads and discusses The Snow Queen at Politics & Prose Bookstore in Washington, D.C.

I admire that Cunningham writes frankly about sexuality. Not just people of different sexualities, but the way desire infiltrates our experience practically moment to moment. It’s something not a lot of authors are prepared to do. But I did get a bit tired with the idolatry he frequently shows in this novel for the heterosexual man’s body. Straight characters Tyler and Andrew both have their bodies described in sensuous detail as being nearly Ken-doll perfect. He ramps up the sexual tension portraying moments of sexual possibility with hands brushing against each other or a casualness about the brothers bathing in front of each other (which slightly stretches believability). All this reverence for a certain kind of masculinity results in a little too much panting after the hetero guy. It should be noted that the only real graphic sex scene in the novel is a heterosexual one.

An observation I particularly appreciated is one made towards the end of the novel where a character feels like he’s being scammed for money. It’s noted by another character that: “'I think pretty much everybody who says he needs money really and truly needs money. Maybe not for the reasons he's telling you. But still.'” This is a really relatable detail, particularly for anyone who lives in a city and encounters beggars. There have been occasions when someone has knocked on my door or stopped me in the street reeling out a story that is not logically probable. What it clear and honest though is their need for money. It makes a real moral dilemma when trying to decide whether to be generous or not because here is a person before you genuinely desperate.

“The Snow Queen” is a highly readable novel that conveys a lot about the complexity of friendship and romantic relationships. I think Cunningham was stretching for some meaning between American politics and the desire to believe, but I didn’t entirely get the significance of it. Where he succeeds is in the humour and bare emotion found in human interaction. And I can’t help being amused by any literary writer that can be so bolshy about his literary predecessors as to state in his novel: “Boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. Fuck you, F. Scott Fitzgerald.”

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
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“Thirst” reveals a side of London not often seen. A Siberian woman named Alena is caught attempting to shoplift a pair of shoes by the store’s security man Dave. The reason why she tries to commit this act of robbery isn’t what you’d immediately expect. Dave forgives Alena despite the trouble it causes him with his superior. Seeing that Alena is in a distressed position he goes even further and allows her to stay in his small apartment until she can get back on her feet. What follows is an unlikely bond between two people who have experienced a lot of hardship in their lives. 

Accounts of Alena and Dave’s personal histories slip in between sections of the present-day narrative. This is handled so delicately it’s like one hand sliding over another revealing the layers of their lives. It also creates tension in the story as both of them have emerged from very bad situations and it makes you constantly wonder how they get to the point where they find each other. They create a strange sort of domestic bliss together, but when Alena’s past imposes itself upon the present they are abruptly torn apart and it’s only through a massive leap of faith on Dave’s part that they might find one another again. This is a love story. It’s one which is made up of two characters who have endured strife and disappointment, but need to find the courage to open up to one another for a chance at harmony.

It’s a known tale: an immigrant comes to a “developed” country and finds everything isn’t as rosy as the way they imagined it. Where this book departs is the pernicious way that Alena turns from the oppressed to the oppressor – or, at least, an instrument used to foster oppression. This produces a dark and twisted psychology. It shows the complex layers of a hidden underbelly of society that feeds on abuse, fear and secrecy. It’s only through a tremendous act of will that Alena is able to break free. She’s extremely vulnerable being lost in the giant organism of London and it’s only through chance that she meets with an act of kindness from Dave. A querulous outsider might view such an instant bond as unbelievable, but Hudson eloquently explains Dave’s reasoning like this: “He’d admit it, he was reckless. Blind to the danger of letting a strange stranger have everything of him. And though it was her ripe, warm beauty that had made it hard for him to think around her at first, it was all the rest that was the hook that snagged in his insides, never to be pulled out.” There can be something about a person which catches you and makes you take a chance on something you’d normally back away from.

There is more here than the romantic heart. What this novel is really about is the distance between ourselves and strangers – particularly in large cities and when travelling. What’s the right amount of empathy to show to strangers? Surely you can’t walk around with an open heart to everyone in need. You’d never get across the city. Never get to work on time. But if you walk around with a stony gaze you begin to feel inhuman, jaded, disconnected. Likewise this novel shows our own desperation for kindness when out of our element. Dave embarks on a long journey to an extremely remote part of Siberia where the smallest gesture of kindness can seem like a life raft. Of course, this book doesn’t offer a solution to this question of distance. How can there be one? But it does point out the reverberating effects of both large and small bits of kindness. Moreover it shows the way regret can pile up in the backs of our minds – haunted by instances where we wanted to reach out and didn’t. Hudson acknowledges that: “it is hard to live with the knowledge of certain things, let alone a knowledge that allowed you to imagine you could have done something to change things, to help someone you love.” “Thirst” reveals the best and the worst of humanity. It shows the way the world perpetually opens and closes to us and that there is an endless stream of possibilities. Whether you choose to only smile or hold out your hand or walk on by: opportunity goes both ways and there is always the potential of a connection.

I also loved Hudson's first novel which I wrote about at the end of last year here. She's one of the most creative literary voices in the UK right now. But, given Hudson's earlier title, I was hoping this new novel would be named something more elaborate like "The Thirsty Siberian Who Stole My Shoes, Ate All My IceCream & Barely Had Change for a Fiver." However, the brevity of her chosen title suits the subject matter perfectly.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesKerry Hudson

I've been reading about Persephone Books for a long time. This is a publisher who (in their own words) “prints mainly neglected fiction and non-fiction by women, for women and about women.” Of course, I love books by women and think it's brilliant a publisher with this mission exists, but part of me still feels slightly transgressive stepping into this female domain. It's like when I was growing up in the US I often watched the TV channel Lifetime whose motto came up at every commercial break: 'Lifetime... television for women.' And I'd think guiltily 'Oh, this isn't meant for me' or 'what kind of man am I watching so much “women's” television?' But, who cares, right?

So I finally went to Persephone's shop in London on Lamb's Conduit Street which is only a 15 minute walk from where I work on weekdays. It's a beautiful outlet brimming with dove-grey covered books and tasteful furniture. I couldn't resist buying a few titles and one that caught my eye in particular was this short novel “The Victorian Chaise-Longue” by Marghanita Laski which was first published in 1953. Part of the initial appeal is that I love a chaise-longue and after reading what the novel is all about I was very curious to have a read. It tells the story of Melanie, a young mother who is recovering from tuberculosis. Since she's recovering she's allowed to move out of bed onto a chaise-longue in another room that has a view. Melanie is rather spoiled. She acts like a passive, “girlish” female and is treated like such by her husband and doctor. Cooing like a baby to the men around her, she seems rather glad to remain in her vegetative state with her own baby being entirely cared for by the nanny. She drifts off to sleep and awakens on the same piece of furniture many years earlier in Victorian times as a different but similarly named (Milly) woman. Milly is also an invalid suffering from consumption. Strangely, the consciousness of the women has blended so Melanie is aware of certain facts about Milly's life and can't verbally articulate the knowledge she's brought from the future. Here she is watched over and protected by Milly's sister and a doctor who is smitten by her. Melanie desperately tries to find a way to escape this condition and return to her own century and body. She thinks there must be a specific task she needs to accomplish for Milly and that she must uncover a pattern to liberate her from this body swap situation. The concept is like a blend of the television show 'Quantum Leap' and the movie 'The Matrix'. It's a brilliantly original and dark tale to have been first published in the early 50s.

Part of what Laski was trying to get at is the forbidden pleasure women can deny themselves or feel like they can't discuss. Melanie is haunted by a fuzzy memory of being pressed into the chaise longue by a man. Gradually, Melanie discovers that Milly has a taboo secret which has been kept from her sister. But this forbidden pleasure isn't just the erotic. Melanie observes: “I was in ecstasy as I fell asleep, ecstasy one experiences perhaps once, twice, half a dozen times, when to be human is no longer a lonely terror but a glory, when time is blotted out by perfection.” This notion of “ecstasy” is brought up over and over throughout the book. It's something wrapped up with the forbidden and slowly the concept turns into one more as a prelude to terror than blissful release.

Marghanita Laski was herself obviously a very intelligent and capable woman. So, in writing about a female character who is initially so simpering and passive, I think she must have been making a statement about the responsibility women owe to themselves not to defer to masculine/paternal attention to bolster their own self worth. Melanie experiences the full horror of what it is to be trapped in an era where if a woman clandestinely expressed her desires and was found out, she would be stigmatized and punished (as it becomes partly clear that Milly has been). In Melanie's own time of 1950s Britain there was still a lot of sexism obviously, but there were more opportunities for women to forge forward with a more enlightened social consciousness. It's stated at one point that “sin changes, you know, like fashion.” This notion of a shifting moral landscape hints that actions so badly stigmatized at one point of history won't necessarily be in another. We have a duty to assist humanity in it's progression. To lazily harken back to conservative social rules that inhibit people from becoming fully realized human beings is akin to death.

I love the way Laski plays so confidently with time in the narrative, taking the reader on such a fantastical journey in so few pages. This takes daring and it's to the book's credit that it chooses not to entangle itself too much in the hows and whys this occurred. Melanie is obviously mystified by what's happened to her and the narrative closely follows her perspective, but clearly Laski is reaching more for an artfully articulated social message than a sci-fi adventure here. The book (and Melanie) become compellingly philosophical as the story progresses. She observes: “Time may be going not in a straight line but in all directions and in no direction, and God may have changed the universe so that it is my body that lies here and no dream, or not my body and still a dream from which I shall be freed.” The story becomes somewhat Shakespearian in the interplay of high drama mixed with observations about the human condition. But brilliantly, even as the intellectual fervour of the novel amps up, so does the tension in the story. Melanie's desperation to escape being trapped in this other woman becomes frighteningly intense. The final pages are utterly gripping.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
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One the best things about blogging are the wonderful book recommendations I get from other readers and authors. Author Vestal McIntyre recommended I read Neel Mukherjee’s recent novel which I loved and reviewed. In turn, Neel recommended I read this short novel by Tiffany Murray and I loved it. A good eerie ghost story is a thrilling experience. Best savoured late at night when the house creaks and wind whistles outside heightening the atmosphere. The reader’s imagination hums with a sense of dread and the excitement of the forbidden. It’s like daring yourself to look under the bed or out of the window when all you can see in the dark glass is your own ghostly image reflected back at you. Tiffany Murray has created an innovative, thrilling tale worthy of the genre set in a stately English country house in the 1950s. Adolescent boy Dieter has inherited the enormous mansion as he is the only surviving Sugar of a long family line that has inhabited the Hall for hundreds of years. After his father’s tragic death the young boy moves into the dilapidated mansion with his German-born mother Lilia and his older half-sister Saskia. The family is poor and Lilia slowly sells off the contents of Sugar Hall so that they can sustain themselves. Meanwhile, lonesome Dieter happens upon a mysterious boy who engages him to play. Helpful neighbours including handyman John and well-born Juniper try to assist them into adjusting to the old fashioned lifestyle of being the proprietors of a great Hall. But threatening, creepy events make life uneasy for the family. They are unwittingly engaged in a tragic story that has haunted Sugar Hall for a long time.

This book is all about atmosphere and Murray is highly adept at making the air hum with tension through her precise prose style. One clever thing she does to introduce you to the hall is present a scene where Saskia is idling around the house singing. She is overheard by both Dieter and Lilia in other parts of the house. So while you read about their particular points of view you are also aware of Saskia lingering in the background and Dieter and Lilia’s humorous perspectives on her singing ability.  By presenting these different perspectives on a single incident it creates a kind of three-dimensionality in the reader’s imagination so it’s possible to spatially visualize a scene. It’s actually a technique Mukherjee skilfully employs at the beginning of his novel “The Lives of Others” as well.

Each chapter in “Sugar Hall” is preceded by images such as illustrations of moths (which are rife throughout the great house) or letters. This lends an air of authenticity to the text like a trail of clues leading you gradually to discover what’s really going on. Murray’s descriptive use of colours makes Sugar Hall come vividly alive. Many rooms in the stately home are colour coded in an edgy, intimidating way. For instance the library is a “garish red” which certainly doesn’t make a relaxing, contemplative environment for reading. In fact, each room seems to be super-saturated with a certain colour making for an odd, unsettling place to inhabit. My only tiny qualm is the one instance where Murray describes something as “lemon yellow.” I believe the past three novels I’ve read have all used this synesthesia-like combination and, to me, it feels like a sort of creative writing school staple which grates slightly rather than creating the sense association that is intended. Otherwise, the writing and rich descriptive phrases Murray creates feel wholly original.

Striking images populate the novel which created a lasting impression in my imagination. For instance, early on Dieter shows a fascination with certain words like glamour. He uses some of his mother’s lipstick to colour his lips and practices saying the word in the mirror. I’m not sure how deeply Murray intended the use of this word, but the etymology of the word glamour is that it is an alteration of the word grammar. It’s a meaningful association here as the boy Dieter encounters cannot speak at first. Grammar also derives from the Latin word grammatica which was used in the Middle Ages in association with scholarship of occult practices. Thus Dieter’s fascination with the word might act as a kind of talisman to summon unruly spirits. Of course, trying to read deeper into these things isn’t necessary to enjoy the original and memorable images that Murray creates.

Murray is also skilled at creating moments of high intimacy/sensuality. I don’t mean sexual necessarily. There is a physicality in the narrative which made me feel present and wholly in the moment. For instance, at one point John explains to the boy Dieter he has bad lungs and he invites the boy to listen to the rattle in his chest. In another scene Dieter cuts his finger and the boy he plays with takes the finger in his mouth to suck. Later Lilia goes swimming in a river and feels such a keen sense of liberation floating in the water out in the open. In a number of scenes like these I felt so present in the moment it was like I was experiencing the characters’ tangible reality.

Lilia sings the song "Hänschen klein" to herself

The children really dominate the story in the beginning of the book: curious-natured Dieter with his longing to rejoin the gang of kids he belonged to in London and flighty Saskia who tries to affect a posh voice, idolizes the murderess Ruth Ellis and longs to become an actress. But it’s Lilia and her complex back story which really develops as the novel proceeds. There are also some marginal characters which are equally as compelling. In particular there is a wonderfully distasteful and crotchety vicar named Ambrose who keeps a moth collection. He and his wife are described as having such an intense mutual contempt for each other I could imagine them having an anguished and tortured novel of their own.  

The story takes place in a time period where the deprivation and destruction that came from recent WWII is still being felt. The Hall represents a fading monument of privilege and the breakdown of colonialism. The lingering sin of long-abolished slavery demands recompense. These larger issues loom in the background, but really this is a story of a haunting that is handled with great delicacy and tact. In ghost stories time fluctuates, becomes circuitous and twisted. So the characters here are wrenched out of this particular point in the 50s. Their lively existence is turned to husks as dry and dead as pinned moths when confronted with the infinite echo chamber of the past found in Sugar Hall. This story is a thrill for the senses and an excellent read.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesTiffany Murray

For several decades, Jonathan Meades has been a well-established writer, cultural critic of primarily food & architecture and broadcaster in Britain. He has such a distinct clear-cut voice in his writing that makes his personality come vibrantly alive. The experience of reading his autobiography was akin to meeting a man in a pub and listening to the story of his life while he wildly gesticulates with a pint in his hand and breathes tangy alcohol-infused fumes directly in my face. That is to say, he is very blunt in his opinions....

Read my full review on Shiny New Books here: http://shinynewbooks.co.uk/non-fiction02/an-encyclopaedia-of-myself-by-jonathan-meades/

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesJonathan Meades

How do ordinary people survive in their native city after losing a war? The familiar civilization they've known all their lives has crumbled and must slowly be rebuilt brick by brick. People either give into despair or use their ingenuity to adapt and survive. In the aftermath of WWII, Berlin was jointly occupied by the Allied powers. American, British, French and Soviet forces patrol the city. Food is scarce, many buildings are partially-demolished and a thriving black market arises where cigarettes take the place of currency. Kasper Meier is a man in his early 50s. His age is somewhat immaterial as the effects of war have prematurely aged everyone: “In Berlin, a face full of lines carved out by dirt, fear and exhaustion didn’t tell you anything about someone’s age anymore.” Kasper has learned to navigate this devastated city landscape by bartering to obtain tins of ham or whatever foodstuff he can obtain in order to feed himself and his elderly father. He tries to keep a low profile and he has a good reason for doing so because he’s gay. Homosexuality was still criminalized after the fall of the Nazis and even those who were “gay Holocaust” survivors faced being re-imprisoned if they continued to engage in homosexual activity and their names were kept on a list of sex offenders. But Kasper has obtained a reputation for being well-connected and able to obtain information. This is when he’s approached by a mysterious woman named Eva who needs his help to find a British pilot. From this encounter Kasper is unwittingly drawn into a complex and suspenseful plot of revenge and murder.

1945 Berlin is a city rife with suspicion and paranoia. It’s haunted by the devastating consequences that war has brought to it and the people left behind (both German citizens and soldiers in the Allied forces) painfully mourn the loss of their loved ones and the life they led before. The end of winter doesn’t bring with it the hope of renewal. Rather it’s a city where “the warmth of spring had begun, in places, to bring back the smell of buried death that had plagued the city the previous summer – a sweet rotten fragrance carried on the searching gusts of April wind.” This season which traditionally brings with it the promise of new birth instead awakens the spectre of all that was lost. A group of skilfully written characters are plagued by difficult painful memories and the bleak reality of a ruined city. The most powerful character is Kasper himself who forges ahead despite images of his lost lover Phillip reverberating in his mind. He shies from talking about the past or the reason why he was scarred during the war (losing one of his eyes). Whenever he is asked about his eye he deflects the question by producing a comic answer such as: “Hindenburg did it with his Pickelhaube when I pulled his moustache.” He carefully continues to hide his sexuality from his elderly father and fears being exposed if he doesn’t assist Eva and her enigmatic employer. As the story progresses, Eva’s tale takes on a greater degree of complexity and the full terror of her difficult past comes out in a highly dramatic scene. Here “her hatred overwhelmed her and she let it come and she enjoyed it like biting down on an aching tooth.” The intensity with which this scene is composed is made all the more powerful from the outflow of bitter feelings which have been carefully concealed by her character for so long.

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“As the sky darkened, the rough castellations at the tops of the buildings became silhouettes and, if the destruction below them wasn’t so total, they might have appeared like …

“As the sky darkened, the rough castellations at the tops of the buildings became silhouettes and, if the destruction below them wasn’t so total, they might have appeared like melancholy ruins in the haze of a Casper David Friedrich painting.”

Before the war, Kaspar used to run a bar which from small descriptions I gather was a sort of low-key version of Christopher Isherwood’s famous cabaret portrayed in “Goodbye to Berlin.” The story in this novel follows a similarly colourful cast of characters who have been trodden down, but still retain their flair. It’s interesting coming to this novel after having read Audrey Magee’s novel “The Undertaking” earlier this year. Before reading either of these books I can’t remember having encountered any stories of post-war German life (Magee’s book partly follows a woman’s story throughout the war and after). Something both novels deal with is the rape of women in the city following the occupation from Allied forces. In his novel, Fergusson explores how rape isn’t a side-effect of war, but an active instrument used in the systematic way a nation is defeated. But for all the misery, betrayal and horror that comes with war, “The Spring of Kasper Meier” shows the surprising resilience of individuals as well as their ability to believe in the good of humanity and rely on each other for support after achieving a hard-won trust. Ben Fergusson has produced a really impressive debut novel that deserves to be read.

Towards the end of Linda Grant’s new novel, the narrator Adele asks her friend “How do we get people so wrong… when we are so intensely curious about them?” This is the question which seems to have plagued her entire life after losing her friend Evie while at university. There is a central mystery which is literally about what really happened to Evie upstairs after the narrator’s birthday party on one fateful night. Adele pieces together what might have occurred through meeting with various people involved when she is an adult. But more than this is the question at the heart of this novel of trying to understand Evie’s essential being and how Adele’s love and fascination for her friend can’t be put to rest because she will always remain obscured by the narrative of history. In this way the novel resonates with how our consciousness attaches itself to certain individuals we fall in love with. There is a wonderment to them which grips our imagination. We want to assimilate aspects of their identity to our own, know everything about them, revel in their contradictions and make their story a part of our own individual narratives.

The novel is moreover a coming of age story about how Adele learns early on certain life lessons from her fascinating con-artist father and his flamboyant gay artist friend Yankel Fishoff. Although the father’s story is a tragic one, it has the vivid excitement and delinquent pleasure I felt when reading Joyce Carol Oates’ novel “My Heart Laid Bare” about a family of con-artists. Adele understands from her father and Yankel that you have to craft a story about yourself and decorate your identity if you are going to stand out and get what you want from life. But she also learns certain things, specifically to do with gender that she will later question: “From my father I learned that when men were around there was more of everything, more luxury and abundance, and that women had to learn forbearance in the face of their big appetites, and manage the domestic economy.” These gender roles are ripe for dissection and the formation of a self-consciously feminist movement which Adele witnesses at university.

When Adele arrives there she really asserts herself as an individual, but only as a sort of transparency through which we learn of the colourful people she befriends and encounters. As readers our knowledge of how Adele appears from the outside comes from reactions by friends later in her life who recount that Adele was always slightly removed picking at the rips in her jeans, rather intimidating and haughty. Grant acknowledges that identity is never something stable and “That is what we are, reflections of reflections. We think all the time about what we sound like and how we appear.” We try to project a certain image of how we want to be perceived and simultaneously other people perceive us as something else. The two perspectives are not often in sync.

At the newish (un-named) university the administration’s “plan was to defeat ideology with a quiet, humane liberalism of human right, equality and a spirit of public service.” However, she and her friends spend this formative period of 1970s Britain exploring evolving ideologies as they collectively discuss and appropriate kinds of feminism, Trotskyism, homosexuality and Freudian ideas. It’s a period of intellectual fervour and inventive experimentation which the narrator later claims to be “a now-discredited decade.” Yet the passion and excitement of the group of intelligent individuals described groping their way through this jungle of ideas makes them all really come alive.

The next two sections of the novel take us into Adele’s adult life where she lingers on reflections about university, uncovering what happened to her friend Evie and catching up with how her companions turned out. Some of her friends hold fast to the principles formulated during that vital time of young adulthood and others find themselves turning completely against what they once so fervently stood for. Adele’s personality asserts itself as she carries on a tumultuous and doomed affair with Evie’s brother. Although she knows it’s an insensible coupling she makes the beautiful observation that “You can be completely axed to the ground by love, that’s the only explanation. You’re down to your roots.” Later on, her blunt observations about motherhood give witness to what aren’t often acknowledged emotions: “Having a child pushed me sheer away from the centre of my own life into a corner of it and I resented it. I was outraged.” It’s a sharp observation about the indignation a woman can feel at having to sacrifice certain freedoms to take on the identity of being a mother. Rather than offer a neat account of life’s cycle, we are aware that Adele is a person in active rebellion against it and all the loose ends life leaves. What comes through in Grant’s narrative is a sincere desire to understand - not compose a traditional story arch. Rather, the themes “Upstairs at the Party” explores percolate in the background as the narrator gropes for truth through a retrospective survey of what is the noisy train-rattle and messy pile-up of life.  

For instance, during the university years Evie confesses that her mother was once raped. The information is met with an almost stunned silence from the other girls. The story of the mother’s rape is presented more fully later in the novel. This time the truth of it is seen through the lens of history as if the fact of it was too much of an aberration for them to take in at that early tender age – despite their active desire for women to have an unimpeded truth-telling voice. Adele tracks down a diary account of the rape which is initially transcribed, but which Adele then interrupts and summarizes. She does this for practical purposes to cut out superfluous detail, but also to be able to state plainly what happened where the mother couldn’t bring herself to articulate the stark injustice of what was done to her. The reader is made aware of the way the mother’s stifled voice later impacted her daughter and the way stories can be skewed by the values of the time period in which they are told. 

This is a novel concerned with the nature of story telling – all the inventive power, overriding pleasure and sly danger of it. In recounting the accumulation of details about her own life Adele finds that “A story was building and as with all stories, it was better in the telling than the living.” As narrator, she is in the position to tell it like she saw it and uncover what happened by interviewing those involved, but filter the details through her own system of values. Although she seems to be striving for some kind of transparency Grant reminds us “That is the power of stories, never forget: they make the truth.” One such story that is evidently imbued with Adele’s own values is when she relates how her friend Bobby died from having Aids. While mourning his loss she observes: “There had to have been a point, when everyone knew about Aids, when he could have said, ‘Stop, enough.’” She is angry that he didn’t change his sexual behaviour or take as many precautions as were necessary to protect himself from contracting the disease. This judgement rides dangerously close to inhibiting Bobby’s personal freedom and doesn’t engage with the complicated sexual politics that surround the advent of Aids. As well as wanting him to have lived a full healthy life, she wanted the narrative of her life to include him. Bobby’s choice to take certain risks over-ruled her ability to carry on her story with him in it. From Adele’s perspective, all that Bobby demonstrated in his actions were recklessness. I’m guessing Bobby wouldn’t have seen it that way.

Grant’s writing is a pleasure to read because it can be so focused and precise. She has an excellent ability to sum up complicated concepts in short pithy sentences. For instance, she writes “And we are animals with the heads of men.” This instantly conjures ideas about how we are really ruled by baser instincts although we always feign an image of civility. At other times her descriptive powers cast images in the mind that are strikingly vivid and gruesome: “Some people have a smile like a watermelon slice.” Sometimes the plain truth of her writing speaks so much more about the complicated dynamics of relationships than any specific story ever could: “The back of the head of someone you have slept with is one of the most familiar parts of their body.” The author has a talented ability for wielding language to create poignant flashes of recognition in the reader’s mind. It’s interesting that the author frames the novel as having been inspired by a particular time in her own life, yet didn’t want to compose an autobiographical account. I suspect that this is because Grant probably shares the sentiments of her narrator who states “I do not care for the current fad for misery memoirs. I don’t want to hear about your hard times.” By creating a great work of fiction, Grant is also able to artfully construct a tale open to an expansive sense of understanding and many interpretations that nonfiction doesn’t necessarily allow. “Upstairs at the Party” is the kind of novel where you want to flip back to the first page once you’ve finished the last in order to discover what layers of meaning you might have missed on the first time around.

 

Virago Press have created a fun Pinterest board of images inspired by quotes and themes from the novel: http://www.pinterest.com/littlebrownuk/upstairs-at-the-party/

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesLinda Grant
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Sometimes the books you read can feel too abstracted from real life to have much impact. Even if it’s an engrossing read, you can close the book and think ‘Well, it’s just a collection of clever ideas.’ But when I was finishing reading William Golding’s “Lord of the Flies” last week the meaning was made horrifically clear to me after an incident near my workplace on Thursday. I came back to my office block to discover the doorway surrounded by police tape and an ambulance parked out front. Paramedics were assisting a man on the ground who was covered in blood. A colleague of mine was outside and told me what had happened. Only shortly before I arrived someone across the street was surrounded by a group of young men who stabbed him repeatedly in what must have been a planned attack. The man on the ground was taken away in the ambulance and all that was left was a single torn sneaker and a large puddle of blood colouring the cement and tarmac red. An article by the Evening Standard last year reported that there are on average over 400 knife crimes in London per month which end in injury or death. The mentality of small groups who believe themselves apart from larger society can create their own rules with no common morality. The horrific violence that appears in “Lord of the Flies” is actually all around us.

I first read “Lord of the Flies” back in high school. What I was particularly conscious of when reading it this time was the small shifts of power play occurring between the boys. Ralph’s emergence as the nominated leader is accepted so totally at first, but gradually his authority slips away as his confidence wavers and Jack’s enthusiasm for the hunt grows. As a teenager the balance of power seemed to me totally natural. Those that are loud and exert power control the group. Of course, the boys want to chase down the pigs and gut them. Of course, Piggy is immediately betrayed by Ralph and mocked for his body size, his asthma, his intellectual prowess and social awkwardness. It’s what makes it such an ideal and easily-digested read for teenagers. This is the reality of school life where children segment themselves into groups based on superficial qualities like beauty or strength or charisma. Those that are easy targets become the butt of the joke. Those that are powerless hang about at the sides as helpless and innumerable as the “Littluns.” The key figure that emerged for me reading it this time was Roger. At first he appears as “a slight, furtive boy whom no one knew, who kept to himself with an inner intensity of avoidance and secrecy.” This description immediately endeared me to him. Yet, it’s he who emerges as the most “beastly” of all instigating violence against the other boys and savouring the mad rush of it all. More than any of the others, he seems to me to most represent the common man. Civilization reigns in all his worst impulses, but when it disintegrates totally he feels completely released from any kind of moral constraints. Roger felt to me to be the one capable of really making his own choice and what he chooses is unapologetic barbarity.

The final quarter of the book takes on such a rapidly increasing velocity and power, that I was awed by the way Golding could write such carefully controlled scenes containing so much action and many characters. Using only a few short lines he conjured in my imagination a scene so completely that I could really feel the full panic and burning heat of the crisis taking place. In the lines “The world, that understandable and lawful world, was slipping away. Once there was this and that; and now – and the ship had gone” there is the loss of a possibility for rescue but also the loss of something crucial that holds the boys’ shaky conception of government together. There is such a tragic inevitability to everything that takes place, yet there is the abiding sense of hope held mistily in Ralph’s mind which is shared by the reader. There is the hope that governance will return and the individual will no longer have to bear the brunt of decision making. Simply following the rules is so much more preferable than taking the initiative to galvanize a group of people into organizing themselves into civil behaviour. Though Ralph tries his hardest, he recognizes his own limitations and it becomes clear his authority is as fragile as the conch he uses to assert his voice. There is also the hope that people’s better nature will come through eventually – like the hope that the sun won’t ever burn your back. “Lord of the Flies” is a book I could write about endlessly as it’s laden with intricate symbols and metaphors and layers of meaning. But as I return to work each day and pass the stained tarmac outside my office it feels like a book that is all too frighteningly real.

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesWilliam Golding
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Recently I spent a week on Kastellorizo, a tiny Greek island in the Mediterranean that is only five square miles of rocky land populated mostly by goats. The primary bit is a small bay which has a cluster of hotels, restaurants and cafes near which you can sit at tables on the water’s edge to watch fish and turtles swimming by while drinking retsina and reading. It was a wonderful break and I really needed some quiet offline disconnected time. I think being liberated from the internet, email, twitter and phones is good for the soul sometimes. Since I work two jobs over six days a week, I can sometimes feel a bit overwhelmed. But I’m also aware how lucky and privileged I am to be able to go to such a peaceful, beautiful location.

Since I was on an isolated island I thought I’d stay on theme with my reading and devour only island fiction. My first point of call had to be “Robinson Crusoe” which I had never read before and it’s my first time reading Daniel Defoe. I was expecting a tale which is part adventure and part meditative exercise about the state of aloneness. But I found it to be more a mash-up between Thoreau’s “Walden” and an imperialism travelogue. Crusoe is easy to identify with at first as he shrugs off his parents’ expectations and yearns to sail the seas. He’s aware of the perils and admits “I know not what to call this, nor will I urge, that it is a secret over-ruling Decree that hurries us on to be the Instruments of our own Destruction, even tho’ it be before us, and that we rush upon it with our Eyes open.” Good reason is easily shaken off when we want to plunge headlong into life. Even after severe seasickness, near-ship wrecks and a two year bout of slavery he suffers through after being captured by Turkish Moors, Crusoe still longs to set out on a ship and ride the seas again. Having escaped from slavery, he tries to evade being captured again by sailing down the coast of Africa in a small boat. All the while he’s apprehensive of the wild animals and “natives” he fears might be cannibals on shore. When he does encounter some Africans they are welcoming and give him a number of supplies. His small escape boat is finally taken up by a Portuguese ship which carries him to Africa. The captain of the ship buys some of the goods he’s procured and assists him in setting up a tobacco plantation in Brazil. After setting up this promising enterprise he desires to set out to sea again.

This is where I really started to take issue with Crusoe as he decides to sail again because he wants to profit from the African slave trade. Having spent two years as a slave himself and experiencing the kindness of the Africans he encountered on their shorelines, did he learn nothing about common humanity? Crusoe himself admits that: “a certain Stupidity of Soul, without Desire of Good, or Conscience of Evil, had entirely overwhelm’d me, and I was all that the most hardened, unthinking, wicked Creature among our common Sailors, can be supposed to be, not having the least Sense, either of the Fear of God in Danger, or of Thankfulness in God in Deliverances.” However, his guilt isn’t over the enterprise he tries to embark on, but the fact that he still can’t settle down as per his father’s wishes. Therefore I could only feel a sense of satisfaction when his ship encounters a storm and he must painfully drag himself on the shores of a Caribbean island.

Goats playing peekaboo

Goats playing peekaboo

The narrative of the story takes a strange turn here as he enumerates the way he gradually settles himself on the island building shelter from tools he salvages from his ship, eating goats and turtles he finds on the island and accidentally grows then actively cultivates barley and rice. Being on Kastellorizo really helped the novel come alive at this point since there are goats scattered all over the hills and turtles swimming in the bay. All this business in the novel of setting up shop alone on the island is good, but Defoe then strangely switches the narrative to a journal format within which he repeats almost everything about settling on the island that he already listed. It became somewhat repetitive.

Years pass by and gradually Crusoe takes on a more philosophical attitude. Instead of raging against the limitations of his situation he finds some contentment in the bare necessities he does have. This is when he really starts to sound Thoreau-like: “That all the good Things of this World, are no further good to us, than they are for our Use; and that whatever we may heap up indeed to give others, we enjoy just as much as we can use, and no more.” The narrative also slightly mirrors that of Walden as he becomes somewhat obsessed with enumerating his belongings and taking stock of what he has. As time goes on, he also acquires a very pious attitude as he unfortunately salvaged a bible from the ship which he takes to reading and ingesting. This wouldn’t necessarily be a problem, but, as can often happen, he takes ideas from the bible and develops a rather ‘holier than thou’ attitude while picking and choosing teaching that suit him while discarding others. I couldn’t help but wonder what would have happened if he didn’t have these “teachings” from the bible, but had to reason out and devise a system of principles about life all on his own.

The island is visited several times by cannibals who come with bound victims that they murder and then consume. Crusoe struggles with his conscience about what to do and whether to intervene. He’s repulsed and thinks to attack, but worries about being captured himself or invaded by many more cannibals. For a while, he has a sympathetic attitude towards them reasoning that they are merely getting their sustenance from human flesh in the same way he does from goats. Only when one of the intended victims begins to escape does Crusoe offer some assistance. He helps kill the cannibals pursuing the escapee and takes him back to his shelter. This man who is a cannibal himself is the famed character Friday. Being grateful for helping save him from his enemies Friday immediately pledges everlasting servitude to Crusoe – demonstrating this by laying his head upon the ground and placing Crusoe’s foot over it. At least, that’s how Crusoe interprets it.

Crusoe teaches Friday to speak English and about the Christian sense of God. They work together on the island for over thirty years, but all the while it’s very clear that Crusoe is the master and Friday the servant. Of course, I can’t help feeling uncomfortable about the assumptions about this relationship and the multi-layered colonial and racial implications of it. Crusoe was aided in his escape from slavery by a Portuguese captain but felt no desire to serve him. Yet, he assumes that he can turn Friday into a servant or Defoe naturally felt it was correct to write Friday as submissive to Crusoe without ever desiring his own freedom or a life apart from Crusoe. Defore writes Friday pathetically despairing at the idea of returning to his community or ever leaving his service to Crusoe. You could argue that their relationship on the island is symbiotic and they rely on each other. But what really troubles me about the tale is that for all Crusoe’s moralizing he never questions the injustice of slavery. Is this simply because it was a novel first published in 1719 when questioning such assumptions could not even be imagined? Like in Thomas More’s “Utopia” could a conception of paradise exist or society, even a society of two people on an island, thrive without there being slavery? The story is deeply problematic and becomes all the more uncomfortable because it feels like Friday never becomes a fully developed character in his own right.

In fact, towards the end of the story he is merely a comic figure. Once Crusoe is able to depart the island with Friday there is a very tedious account of Crusoe reaping large profits that he’s accrued from the plantation he left in Brazil and how he distributes this money to various people in a dreary number of pages like reading from an accountant’s record book. After this there is a bizarre and hurried story about his journey from Portugal to England and attempting to cross the Pyrenees in a snowstorm with ravenous wolves and bears chasing their party. Their guide is attacked by a wolf and bleeding on the ground. Friday takes this opportunity to play a prank on a bear passing by who he taunts and draws up into a tree. Climbing out on a branch the bear comes after him but Friday bounces so as to make the bear appear to “dance” as it attempts to cling to the branch. This makes all the men laugh and, presumably, it’s meant to be funny for the reader as well. But this is all we’re given about Friday’s life after the island since, of course, he wants to continue serving Crusoe without pay. Hilariously, amidst his quick post-island summary, Crusoe also recounts in two short sentences how he takes a wife who bears him three children and dies. Such a dismissive account seems apt for a novel which is so unconcerned with women. I read that Defoe wrote a sequel to “Robinson Crusoe” where the marriage is further developed but I really don’t feel compelled to seek it out. 

It might have been this aspect of the story that partially inspired JM Coetzee to write his novel “Foe” which is an alternative version to the Crusoe story, but from a woman’s perspective. I also read this while on staying on Kastellorizo. The novel is narrated by Susan, a woman who washes up on Crusoe’s island and lives for a time with Crusoe and Friday before they are all rescued. Crusoe dies on the journey back to England. Most of the book is about Susan’s attempts to get Daniel Defoe to write the story of their time on the island hoping it will become a big seller and help her escape poverty. There are many crucial differences between Susan’s story and the one which Defoe ultimately wrote and which we in the real world know. One being that Friday is physically mute because his tongue was cut out (by slavers or Crusoe himself we never actually know). Coetzee might be saying by this that Friday’s story is one which can’t be told and that his story is in fact much more interesting than Crusoe’s. He notes: “On the sorrows of Friday… a story entire of itself might be built; whereas from the indifference of Cruso there is little to be squeezed.” This and all the other differing details symbolize the difficulty of the existing text of “Robinson Crusoe” with its imperial ideas and problematic issues about slavery. It’s an interesting play on the original and Coetzee is a compelling writer to read, but my lasting impression of the short novel “Foe” is that it is more an intellectual exercise than an impactful story.

The last third of the book is mostly a debate about the nature of storytelling between Susan and Defoe. Some of this was very interesting as it explores where the self exists within the written work. I was particularly taken with how Defoe concedes: “In every story there is silence, some sight concealed, some word unspoken, I believe. Till we have spoken the unspoken we have not come to the heart of the story.” As if behind all the stories we tell there are underlying ideologies which aren’t spelled out specifically, but which we must try to define with language if we’re to be truthful to our ideas. Susan sees Defoe as the master of language she needs to tell her story in a way the public will find palatable. But Defoe wants Susan to tell her own story and they try and fail to get Friday to tell his in writing. It left me with quite a sombre feeling about the succession of knowledge by those who control the power over those who cannot impart their experience.

I read a couple of other island novels while away, but I’ll deal with those in separate blog posts if I can since this entry is already so long. Spending time on Kastellorizo gave me time for some inward quiet contemplation. The state of being on an island is that of taking on a circumscribed state of mind and becoming hyperaware of the isolated self. It is, of course, possible to feel very alone in a big city but you are constantly aware that you are amongst the great mechanical process of society. It’s so easy to defer one’s goals and excuse your own lack of accomplishments because of the impediments of being lost in the greater system of civilization. Whereas, being physically on an island all that exists is your own agency. In “Foe” Coetzee writes that “the danger of island life, the danger of which Cruso said never a word, was the danger of abiding sleep.” Alone on an island you know there is no expectation or need to do anything but meet your own basic needs. You can sleep your life away. Who would know? It’s interesting that sometimes we need the expectations of others or what we believe in our minds to be the expectations of other people to prompt us to industriously use our time. Maybe nobody will ever read this blog entry of mine. But would I bother writing this blog if I didn’t think there was the possibility it might be read? The potential that someone might come across our footprint in the sand (to steal a famous image from “Crusoe”) might be the only impetus a person can have to not drift into endless slumber.

Can there be anything more frightening than losing touch with who you are? “Elizabeth is Missing” is narrated by Maud, an elderly woman who sometimes forgets the names of things, what's happening around her and who people are. In the space of a single page where she only moves from one room to another she can have completely lost track of what was happening a few sentences before. When the symptoms of dementia become more acute she sometimes becomes dangerously lost and doesn't remember her own daughter Helen who helps assist her in her daily life alongside some other carers. Through Maud's eyes we see the world as disorientating, jumbled, frustrating and terrifying. Time becomes circuitous. Certain triggers pull her into the past. For instance, contact with a written letter or a craving for apples draws Maud back into memories of post-wartime Britain and her family life. Her sister Sukey disappeared and left indelible marks on the lives of her parents, Sukey’s husband and a lodger in the house. Maud’s  great respect for her older sister led her as a teenager to emulate her in dress and spend intense periods of time with Sukey’s husband. Being haunted by her loss, Maud practices a curious blend of envy and mourning which flows through the span of her life to the present day. I admire the complexity of a line like this which shows the way Maud’s reasoning works: “I'm always frowning in my memory, so no wonder my brow has set that way.” Time flows back and forth so that the past intrudes upon Maud’s present in a way that could be disorientating but is carefully controlled by the author. I felt deep empathy for Maud’s struggle, but wasn’t lost myself with what was happening in the story.

In the present, Maud is consumed with worry for her friend Elizabeth who has also gone missing. This loss sticks in her consciousness and she obsessively tries to track down details of where Elizabeth might be. We’re aware that the people around her understand what’s happened to Elizabeth, but they’ve presumably become so weary of Maud’s enquiries they don’t bother to tell her the truth anymore because she instantly forgets it and insists Elizabeth is missing again. On a narrative level this makes a very clever mystery since as readers we feel the intense frustration of not knowing what happened to Elizabeth alongside Maud, but we’re trapped in her perspective. Maud has a jumble of paper scraps she keeps in her pockets which she uses to help aid in her search, but more often than not she finds them even more confusing. This is a device which is similarly employed in the movie ‘Momento’ with a character who has short-term memory loss so tries to write things down as clues to lead him in the right direction. But in this novel the act feels much more human and tragic as the disease Maud suffers from effects so many elderly people.

What really grounded me in Maud’s perspective was the way the physical world affected her. Healey has a way of describing Maud’s sensory experience so that what is tangibly real in the present like a handful of rich earthy soil in the palm of her hand becomes everything because that is all Maud can be certain of in that moment. It’s both emotionally touching and makes the fictional world so much more vividly real in the reader’s mind. Gradually as the mysterious story of Maud, Sukey and Elizabeth unfolds small things like a tin of peaches or a cracked compact mirror take on an accumulating significance that immerses us fully in Maud’s worldview. In time, Maud’s actions which appear erratic and pointless to the people around her become deeply meaningful to the reader. We’re also aware of the off-handed cruelty that can be inflicted on someone vulnerable who is suffering from the disease such as a sadistic care-worker who tries to verbally terrify Maud or a mocking neighbor. Other times Maud is treated with extreme sensitivity and kindness by others, especially her daughter and granddaughter. However, most people take for granted that Maud must not be capable of comprehending what other people are thinking. But Maud is highly sensitive to people’s reactions to her. She’s aware that people are amused or frustrated by her confusion through subtle reactions and facial expressions, but she’s powerless to prevent herself from breaking through the black walls of forgetfulness surrounding her. Despite all this sounding very grim, Emma Healey maintains a lightness in her narrative that made my intimate acquaintance with Maud strangely comforting. This book is a bridge to another generation as well as to someone who is sadly trapped in a cloud of confusion. There is a tenderness for the central character here so real it made me wish I could hold Maud’s hand and take her to the shop for more tinned peaches. 

Listen to an excellent interview with Healey about this novel from You Wrote the Book!:

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AuthorEric Karl Anderson
CategoriesEmma Healey
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